Glossary
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| WORD | Definition | Hyperlink |
|---|---|---|
| ADME | Is a commonly use abbreviation which stands for Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion and used to describe drug distribution. | |
| Autoimmunity | When the natural immune response which has been misdirected to attacked the body itself. | http://autoimmune.pathology.jhmi.edu/whatisautoimmunity.html |
| Bioavailability | Is a subcategory of absorption (the A in ADME) which describes the faction of the dose that reaches the circulatory system. | http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/drug-bioavailability |
| Carcinogenicity | The ability or tendency to produce cancer. | http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/carcinogenicity |
| Cardiotoxicity | Damage to the heart muscle and/or electrophysiology dysfunction | http://www.nature.com/nrcardio/journal/v12/n9/full/nrcardio.2015.65.html |
| Cell permeability assays | Assays typically using the Caco-2 colon carcinoma cell line to estimate the ability of potential drug compounds to cross the intestinal epithelium. | http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/archive/mdd/v03/i08/html/10toolbox.html |
| CRISPR | Stands for clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeats and is a natural part of the bacterial immune system. Recently the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used to as a tool for targeted genome engineering both in-vitro and in-vivo. | http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n4/full/nbt.2842.html |
| CYP Induction Assay | An assay to study the effects of a drug or drugs and the effect they have on the activity of various CYP isozymes | |
| CYPs | CYPs are the major enzymes involved in drug metabolism and | http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/tx700079z |
| Cytokines | Cytokines are small secreted proteins released by cells have a specific effect on the interactions and communications between cells | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785020/ |
| DILI | Is short for drug induced liver damage (DILI) is also the most frequently cited reason for withdrawal of medications from the marketplace. Hera Biolabs’ humanized rat model will allow for better pre-clinical testing to identify potentially harmful drugs. | http://www.uptodate.com/contents/drug-induced-liver-injury |
| Drug safety | Drug Safety, also known as pharmacovigilance (PV or PhV), is the pharmacological science relating to the collection, detection, assessment, monitoring, and prevention of adverse effects with pharmaceutical products. | http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/quality_safety/safety_efficacy/pharmvigi/en/ |
| Protein expression | Protein expression refers to the way in which proteins are synthesized, modified and regulated in living organisms. | https://www.thermofisher.com/us/en/home/life-science/protein-biology/protein-biology-learning-center/protein-biology-resource-library/pierce-protein-methods/overview-protein-expression-systems.html |
| Gene editing | Is precision targeting and modification of genomic DNA with nucleases including CRISPR and other tools. | http://www.transposagenbio.com/gek-footprint-free |
| Hepatocytes | Liver cells (polygonal epithelial parenchymatous cells)r that secrete bile called also hepatic cell. | http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Hepatocyte |
| Hepatotoxicity | Chemical or drug damage to the liver. The liver plays a central role in transforming and clearing chemicals and is susceptible to the toxicity from these agents. | http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/169814-overview |
| Humanized | Animal models that carry functioning human genes, cells, tissues, and/or organs | http://www.hesiglobal.org/files/public/Committee%20Presentations/IVGT/6-Humanized_Models-DRB-FINAL.pdf |
| In vitro toxicology | In vitro toxicity testing is the scientific analysis of the effects of toxic chemical substances on cultured bacteria or mammalian cells. | http://www.journals.elsevier.com/toxicology-in-vitro/ |
| In vivo toxicology | Toxicity testing performed or taking place in a living organism | |
| competitive inhibition | Or selective inhibition is the action of an enzyme on its substrate by replacement of the substrate with a similar but inactive compound that can combine with the active site of the enzyme but that is not acted upon or split by the enzyme. | |
| Noncompetitive inhibition | Enzyme inhibition in which the inhibiting compound does not compete with the natural substrate for the active site on the enzyme but inhibits reaction by combining with the enzyme-substrate complex after the complex is formed. | |
| Liver toxicity | See hepatotoxicity | |
| Drug Metabolism | Drug metabolism (xenobiotic metabolism) is the biochemical modification of pharmaceutical substances or xenobiotics respectively by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. | http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/drug-metabolism |
| Metabolites | a substance formed in or necessary for metabolism | http://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-are-Metabolites.aspx |
| Neurotoxicity | Neurotoxicity is the poisonous effects of harmful substances on nervous system function, and a cause of brain damage | http://neurotox.com/ |
| P450 | Cytochrome P450 is a family of isozymes responsible for the biotransformation of several drugs. Drug metabolism via the cytochrome P450 system has emerged as an important determinant in the occurrence of several drug interactions that can result in drug toxicities, reduced pharmacological effect, and adverse drug reactions. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1312247/ |
| Patient derived xenografts (PDX) | Xenografts tumor lines derived from patient tumors. | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22508028 |
| Pharmacokinetics | Pharmacokinetics, sometimes described as what the body does to a drug, refers to the movement of drug into, through, and out of the body—the time course of its absorption | http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/overview-of-pharmacokinetics |
| PBPK | http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19601719 | |
| Pharmacodynamics | Pharmacodynamics (see Pharmacodynamics), described as what a drug does to the body, involves receptor binding, postreceptor effects, and chemical interactions. | http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/clinical-pharmacology/pharmacokinetics/overview-of-pharmacokinetics |
| PK/PD | Short for pharmacodymamics and pharmacokinetics | |
| Reporter cells | ||
| High Throughput Screening | s a drug-discovery process widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. It leverages automation to quickly assay the biological or biochemical activity of a large number of drug-like compounds. | https://www.scripps.edu/florida/technologies/hts/ |
| Stem cells | an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation. | http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics1.aspx |
| Toxicology | the study of poisonous chemicals, drugs, etc., and how a person or other living thing reacts to them | http://www.toxicology.org/ |
| Transporter | A membrane transport protein (or simply transporter) is a membrane protein involved in the movement of ions, small molecules, or macromolecules, such as another protein, across a biological membrane. | |
| Tumor immunology | Cancer immunology is a branch of immunology that studies interactions between the immune system and cancer cells (also called tumors or malignancies). It is a growing field of research that aims to discover innovative cancer immunotherapies to treat and retard progression of the disease. | http://www.nature.com/reviews/focus/tumourimmunology/index.html |
| Xenografts | A surgical graft of tissue from one species to an unlike species (or genus or family). A graft from a baboon to a human is a xenograft. | http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=10739 |
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